The climate of Costa Rica is tropical year round. Temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year, and the seasons are indicated by the level of precipitation.
The temperature and amount of rain varies by elevation. Higher up, in the mountains, you'll see cooler temperatures and more rain. By the coast, the weather is warmer and more humid.
Instead of four distinct seasons, Costa Rica has two, the "green" season and the "high" season. The green season is the rainy season, and the high season is the dry season. The weather isn't as wet during the high season, which translates to more visitors, which in turn translates to higher prices for just about everything (lodging, tours, etc.) The high season is the busiest time of year for travelers.
The dry season runs from December to May and is referred by the locals as verano, or summer. For the most part the days are dry, warm, and sunny but in January and February the winds start whipping up. It's a bit cooler during these months.
Rainy season, from June to late November, is also known as invierno or winter. ("Winter" is a loose approximation of the word here in Costa Rica!) We got married in August, so our honeymoon happened to coincide with the green season. As it turns out, August is one of the drier months of the season. We didn't encounter much rainfall until we got up into the mountains and the cloud forest. It rains quite a bit more on the Caribbean coast than it does on the Pacific.
Traveling during the rainy season worked well for us, however, as room rates were reduced quite a bit (by 30% or more) and in general everything was cheaper. We had no problems booking the tours we wanted, and none of our destinations ever felt overrun by tourists. Sure, the climate of Costa Rica was wetter at the time, but the temperatures were cooler!
The Costa Rica vacations tour package we chose had us motoring around the country in a 4x4 and booking rooms as we decided where we wanted to go. Not everyone likes to fly by the seat of their pants, but it was a lot of fun and let us pick and choose what we wanted to do when we wanted to it. We had little problems finding available hotels in August. I'm not sure how feasible this would be during the high season.
The Central Valley and the capital, San Jose, has the most pleasant weather of the country throughout the year. 72 degrees F (22 degrees C) is the annual mean temperature.
Down by the coasts the temperatures are usually +10 degrees F (+5-6 degrees C) warmer. And way more humid.
Being less than 10 degrees away from the equator, there's a good, solid 12 hours of daylight throughout the year. Day break is 5 - 5:30am and sunset is around 6pm. So wake up early and take in as much as you can before relaxing in the evening. (Or do a rain forest night tour!)
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Remember, there are plenty of Costa Rica vacation spots to explore. Just before you go, ensure that you have an understanding of what the climate of Costa Rica is like throughout every season.